Meeting Time and Place

Thursday 2:30 to 5:30

Instructor

Professor: Karen Fingerman

Office: S118 Henderson

Email: kxf18@psu.edu

Phone: 865-2656 (please e-mail if at all possible, I do not check my voice mail)

If you have any questions or comments regarding this syllabus, please contact Karen Fingerman at kxf18@psu.edu. Also, if these teaching materials are helpful to you, it would be appreciated if you could let the author know. Thank you.

Across adulthood, relationships with friends, parents, siblings and offspring play important roles for psychological and physical well-being. In this course, we examine research pertaining to the ways in which individuals maintain social contacts over decades. We address 3 central questions: 1. How does social ties work to help or hinder well-being? 2.How do relationships with different types of people vary? 3. How and why do these patterns change across adulthood? We will begin by exploring general theories about social networks and how they influence individual well-being. In the remainder of the course we compare and contrast specific relationships across adulthood. First we explore "lateral" relationships including friendships, mating relationships, and ties in the work place. Then, we turn to relationships between individuals of different generations and family constellations. We finish the course with an examination of ties amongst the oldest old, who often outlive their own children and even their grandchildren.

Aug. 27 Introduction to the course and social relationships

Sept. 3 Conceptions of social support/ Theories of changes in social networks over time

Sept. 10 Problematic aspects of social relationships

Sept. 17 Marital and Partnership relationships

Sept. 24 Friendships in Adulthood

Oct. 1 Co-worker relationships and neighbors

Oct. 8 Acquaintance and other "non-significant others"

Oct. 15 NO CLASS- Penn State Conference on the Aging Self

Oct. 22 Families in Adulthood

Oct. 29 Siblings

Nov. 5 Parents and Children

Nov. 12 Mothers and Daughters

Nov. 19 Grandparenting

Nov. 26 THANKSGIVING

Dec. 3 The Oldest Old: Social Ties amongst those over the age of 85

Dec. 10 Take home final due

Grades

Grades in this course will be based on 4 weighted factors:

Class Participation 100 points

Presentation & Bibliographies 100 points

Last exam 100 points

Class participation

1. Attendance

A seminar provides many opportunities for in-class learning activities and discussion. It is important to attend class regularly and to arrive on time. In the event that you must miss class due to illness or other unforeseeable events, please notify me ahead of time.

2. Discussion

Much of the class will be dependent upon participation in class discussions. Class participation involves asking thoughtful questions, contributing to the ideas that other students present, actively thinking about in-class activities, and the like. The point is to create a group discussion in which as many points of views as possible are presented. This means that every student should take some responsibility for speaking up and every student should take some responsibility for listening and engaging other students in the discussion.

3. Weekly computer discussion

As part of this course, a "listserv" will be set up including all the members of the class. Weekly, informal discussions of the material from class will take place on this user group. Students are encouraged to communicate reactions, thoughts, and questions to other members of the class. In general, students should post at least one comment a week.

Discussion and Bibliography

1. Discussion

Students will be asked to select 1 week in which they will lead the discussion. The topics for each week's seminar are listed on the previous pages. In formulating their part of the discussion for that week, leaders should synthesize comments and questions from the on-line discussions preceding class. They should also present material pertaining to outside readings. The format for discussion may vary-- Some discussions might focus on new methods of examining a specific relationship, others might focus on integrative theories, and still other class presentations might examine how interventions might be structured to assist individuals who have problematic relationships. Please plan to meet with me the week before your presentation to talk about ideas of what you might do.

2. Annotated Bibliography & Short Paper

As part of their role as discussion leaders, each student must prepare an annotated bibliography of 10-15 additional articles, chapters, or books related to that week's topic, including a 3 to 5 page synthesis of research on that topic. The discussion leaders should each start with the "optional" readings listed on the syllabus and continue from there. In writing the annotated bibliography, students should write a one-page summary of each article, chapter, or book. Each summary should include the author and title of the article or chapter, etc. written in APA format at the top of the page. The summary should include information concerning the problem examined or discussed, the sample described, the methods, results, and discussion. In addition, an annotated bibliography might include "comments" about the work in a separate section. Copies of the annotated bibliography should be posted by email to the listserv, so that all the members of the class might print it out or store it on disc for future reference.

3. Measurement

As part of the participation grade, students will work in small groups to find a measure that assesses the particular relationship that we are studying. Students will provide the measure to the class to complete the week before that relationship is discussed. We will talk about whether the measure taps the dimensions that are important to us as "lay" people filling it out and whether it reflects the theory about that particular relationship.

Final Examination

There is one examination in this course. Students are asked to submit possible questions for this examination prior to GSA. The questions should be formulated as problems for an essay examination involving integration across readings. Questions on the final will most likely be selected from those submitted by the class.

August 27 Introduction to the course and social relationships

Sept. 3 Conceptions of social networks across adulthood

Antonucci, T. C., & Akiyama, H. (1987). Social networks in adult life and a preliminary examination of the convoy model. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 519-527. (WEB PAGE)

Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7, 331-338.

Duck, S., & Sants, H. (1981). On the origin of the specious: Are personal relationships really interpersonal states? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1, 27-41.

Kahn, R. L., & Antonucci, T. C. (1980). Convoys over the life course: Attachment, roles, and social support. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 254-283). New York: Academic Press. (WEB PAGE)

Optional Readings

Antonucci, T.C. (1990). Social supports and social relationships. In R. H. Binstock & L. K. George (Eds.) Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed., pp. 205-227). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Antonucci, T.C., Sherman, A. M., & Akiyama, H. (1996). Social networks, support, and integration. In J. Birren (Ed.) Encyclopedia of gerontology (pp. 505-515). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.

Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151-155.

Levitt, M. J. (1991). Attachment and close relationships: A life-span perspective. In J. L. Gewirtz & W.F. Kurtines (Eds.), Interactions with attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Milardo, R. M. (1992). Comparative methods for delineating social networks. Special Issue: Social networks. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9, 447-461.

Rook, K. S. (1987). Reciprocity of social exchange and social satisfaction among older women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 145-154.

Sept. 10 Problematic aspects of social relationships

Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Morgan, D., & Antonucci, T. C. (1997). The effects of postive and negative social exchanges on aging adults. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52, S190-S199.

Morgan, D. L. (1989). Adjusting to widowhood: Do social networks really make it easier? The Gerontologist, 29, 101-107.

Okun, M. A., & Keith, V. A. (1998). Effects of positive and negative social exchanges with various sources on depressive symptoms in younger and older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53, P4-P20.

Rook, K. S. (1990). Parallels in the study of social support and social strain. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 118-132.

Rook, K. S. (1997). Positive and negative social exchanges: Weighing their effect in later life. Guest Editorial. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52, S167-S169.

NOTE: Read references in the following order: Rook (1990), Morgan (1989), Rook (1997), Ingersoll-Dayton (1997), and then Okun (1998). Rook (1997) is a commentary on Ingersoll-Dayton. Read it prior to Ingersoll-Dayton. Okun & Keith builds on Ingersoll-Dayton.

Optional Readings

Okun, M. A, Melichar, J. F., & Hill, M. D. (1990). Negative daily events, positive and negative social ties, and psychological distress among older adults. The Gerontologist, 30, 193-199.

Krause, N. (1995). Negative interaction and satisfaction with social support among older adults. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 50B, P59-P73.

Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097-1108.

Rook, K. S. (1992). Detrimental aspects of social relationships: Taking Stock of an emerging literature. In H. O. F. Veiel & U. Baumann (Eds.), The meaning and measurement of social support (pp. 157-169). New York: Hemisphere.

Rook, K. S., & Pietromonaco, P. (1987). Close relationships: Ties that heal or ties that bind? In W. H. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol.1, pp. 1-35). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Stephens, M. A. P., Kinney, J. M., Norris, V. K., & Ritchie, S. W. (1987). Social networks as assets and liabilities in recovery from stroke by geriatric patients. Psychology and Aging, 2, 125-129.

Sept. 17 Marital and partnership relationships

Gottman, J. M. (1993). The roles of conflict engagement, escalation, and avoidance in marital interaction: A longitudinal view of five types of couples. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 61, 6-15.

Kelly, E. L., & Conley, J. J. (1987). Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of martial stability and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 27-40.

Kurdek, L. A. (1995). Developmental changes in relationship quality in gay and lesbian cohabiting couples. Developmental Psychology, 31, 86-94.

Rusbult, C. E., & Buunk, B. P. (1993). Commitment processes in close relationships: An interdependence analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 175-204.

Tucker, M B., Taylor, R. J., & Mitchell-Kernan, C. (1993). Marriage and romantic involvement among aged African Americans. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 48, S123-S132.

Optional Readings

Acitelli, L. K., & Antonucci, T. C. (1994). Gender differences in the link between marital support and satisfaction in older couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 688-698.

Feeney, J.A. (1994). Attachment style, communication patterns, and satisfaction across the life cycle of marriage. Personal Relationships, 1, 333-348.

Fuller, T.L., & Fincham, F.D. (1995). Attachment style in married couples: Relation to current marital functioning, stability over time, and method of assessment. Personal Relationships, 2, 17-34.

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an orgainzational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, l5, 1-22.

Kobak, R.R., & Hazan, C. (1991). Attachment in marriage: Effects of security and accuracy of working models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 861-869.

Lauer, R. H., Lauer, J. C, & Kerr, S. T. (1990). The long-term marriage: Perceptions of stability and satisfaction. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 3, 189-195.

Levenson, R. W, Carstensen, L. L, & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Long-term marriage: Age, gender, and satisfaction. Psychology and Aging, 8, 301-313

Senchak, M., & Leonard, K.E. (1992). Attachment styles and marital adjustment among newlywed couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9, 51-64.

Veroff, J., Young, A. & Coon, H. (1997). The early years of marriage. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (2nd ed.). London: Wiley.

Sept. 24 Friendships in adulthood

Adams, R. G., & Blieszner, R. (1994). An integrative conceptual framework for friendship research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 163-184.

Connidis, I. A., & Davies, L. (1990). Confidants and companions in later life: The place of family and friends. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 45, S141-149.

DeVries, B., Jacoby, C., & Davis, C. G. (1996). Ethnic difference in later life friendship. Canadian Journal on Aging, 15, 226-244.

Dugan, E., & Kivett, V. R. (in press). Implementing the Adams & Blieszner conceptual model: Predicting interactive friendship processes of older adults.

Pagel, M. D., Erdly, W. W., & Becker, J. (1987). We get by with (and in spite of) a little help from our friends. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 793-804.

Optional Readings

Adams, R.G., & Blieszner, R. (Eds.). (1989). Older adult friendship: Structure and process. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Blieszner, R. (1995). Friendship processes and well-being in the later years of life: Implications for interventions. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28, 165-183.

Blieszner, R. (1994). Feminist perspectives on friendship: Intricate tapestries. In D. L. Sollie & L. A. Leslie (Eds.) Gender, families and close relationships: Feminist research journeys (pp. 120-141). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

DeVries, B., & Parker, S. (1993). Same and cross-sex friends. Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 10, 617-626.

Johnson, C.L. (1988). Relationships among family members and friends in later life. In R. M. Milardo (Ed.), Families and social networks (pp. 168-189). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Nardi, P. M. (Ed.) (1992). Men's friendships. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Oct. 1 Co-worker ties and neighbor ties (discussion of neighbors may carry over into the

next class)

Cantor, M. H. (1979). Neighbors and friends: An over-looked resource in the informal support system. Research on Aging, 1, 434-463.

Paquin, G. (1992). Coping and disputing with neighbors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1852-1870.

Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (1995). Ambivalence and stereotypes cause sexual harassment: A theory with implications for organizational change. Special Issue: Gender stereotyping, sexual harassment, and the law. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 97-115.

Geller, P. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (1994). Gender differences in job stress, tedium and social support in the workplace. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 555-572.

Marks, S. R. (1994). Intimacy in the public realm: The case of co-workers. Social Forces, 72, 843-858.

Optional Readings

Campbell, K. E., & Lee, B. A. (1992). Sources of personal neighbor networks: Social integration, need, or time? Social Forces, 50, 1077-1100.

Moskowitz, D. S., (1994). Cross-situational generality and the interpersonal circumplex. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 921-933.

Samoluk, S. B., & Pretty, G. M. H. (1994). The impact of sexual harassment simulations on women's thoughts and feelings. Sex Roles, 30, 679-699.

Moskowitz, D. S., Suh, E. J., & Desaulniers, J. (1994). Situational influences on gender differences in agency and communion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 753-761.

Sheehan, E. P. (1995). Affective responses to employee turnover. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 63-69.

Oct. 8 Acquaintances and peripheral social ties

Cowen, E. L. (1982). Help is where you find it: Four informal helping groups. American Psychologist, 37, 385-395.

Fingerman, K. L., & Griffiths, P. C. (under review). Seasons greetings: Age differences in social ties at the holiday season.

Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360-1380.

Morse, S. J, & Marks, A. (1985). "Cause Duncan's me mate": A comparison of reported relations with mates and with friends in Australia. British Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 283-292.

Optional Readings

Johnson, C. L. (1995). Determinants of adaptation of oldest old Black Americans. Journal of Aging Studies, 9, 231-244. (Note: This reading introduces idea of church community as an important resource)

Stolar, G . E., MacEntee, M. I, & Hill, P. (1993). The elderly: Their perceived supports and reciprocal behaviors. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 19, 15-33.

Lyndon, J. E., Jamieson, D. W., & Holmes, J. G. (1997). The meaning of social interactions in the transition from acquaintanceship to friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 536-548.

Planalp, S. (1992). Friends' and acquaintances' conversations: Perceived differences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9, 483-506.

Werner, C, M, Altman, I., & Brown, B. B. (1992). A transactional approach to interpersonal relations: Physical environment, social context and temporal qualities. Journal of Personal and Social Relations

Oct. 12-13 Social structures conference at Penn State:

The self and identity in later life

Students should attend at least two sessions of this conference and post discussion on the list serv regarding how these sessions relate to class material. Since there is no class, each student should post 2 comments if at all possible and that will constitute our discussion for the week.

October 15 No class

October 22 When the children are grown: Family relationships in adulthood

Bedford, V.H., & Blieszner, R. (1997). Personal relationships in later life families. In S. Duck, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of personal relationships (2^nd ed.). New York: Wiley. (WEB PAGE)

Hagestad, G. O. (1981). Problems and promises in the social psychology of intergenerational relationships. In R. W. Fogel, E. Hatfield, S. B. Kiesler, & E. Shanas (Eds.) Aging: Stability and change in the family. New York: Academic Press. (WEB PAGE)

Parsons, T. (1943). The kinship system of the contemporary United States. American Anthropologist, 45, 22-28.

Troll, L. E. (1988). New thoughts on old families. The Gerontologist, 28, 586-591.

Optional Readings

Blieszner, R. & Bedford, V. H. (1995). Handbook of aging and the family. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Brubaker, T. H. (1990). Families in later life: A burgeoning research area. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 959-981.

Eggebeen, D. (1992). Family structure and intergenerational exchanges. Research on Aging, 14, 427-447.

Fingerman, K. L., & Bermann, E. (under review). Family dynamics in adulthood: Gerontological applications of family systems theory.

Hagestad, G.O. (1988). Demographic change and the life course: Some emerging trends in the family realm. Family Relations, 37, 405-410.

Nydegger, C. (1983). Family ties of the aged in cross-cultural perspective. The Gerontologist, 23, 26-32.

Shanas, E. (1979). Social myth as hypothesis: The case of the family relations of older people. The Gerontologist, 19, 3-9.

October 29 Siblings

Bedford, V. H. (1995). Sibling relationships in middle and old age. In R. Blieszner & V. Bedford (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the family (pp. 201-222). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. (WEB PAGE)

Cicirelli, V. G. (1989). Feelings of attachment to siblings and well-being in later life. Psychology and Aging, 4, 211-216.

Connidis, I. A. (1992). Life transitions and the adult sibling tie: A qualitative study. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 972-982.

Gold, D. T. (1990). Late-life sibling relationships: Does race affect typological distribution? The Gerontologist, 30, 741-748.

Optional Readings

Bedford, V. H. (1989). Understanding the value of siblings in old age: A proposed model. American Behavioral Scientist, 33, 33-44.

Bedford, V. (1989). Sibling research in historical perspective: The discovery of a forgotten relationship. American Behavioral Scientist, 33, 6-18.

Brody, E. M., Hoffman, C., Kleban, M. H., & Schoonover, C. B. (1989). Caregiving daughters and their local siblings: Perceptions, strains, and interactions. The Gerontologist, 29, 529-538.

Goetting, A. (1986). The developmental tasks of siblingship over the life cycle. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 703-714.

Gold, D. T. (1989). Sibling relationships in old age: A typology. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 28, 37-51.

Shortt, J.W., & Gottman, J. (1997). Closeness in young adult siblings. Social Development, 6, 142-164.

Nov. 5 Parents and children

Kivett, V. R. (1989). Mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relations. In J. A. Mancini (Ed.), Aging parents and adult children. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. (WEB PAGE)

Roberts, R. E. L., Richards, L. N., & Bengtson, V. L. (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in families: Untangling the ties that bind. Marriage and Family Review, 16, 11-46.

Ryff, C. D., Lee, Y. H., Essex, M. J., & Schmutte, P. S. (1994). My children and me: Midlife evaluations of grown children and of self. Psychology and Aging, 9, 195-205.

Suitor, J. J., Pillemer, K., Keeton, S., & Robison, J. B. (1996). Aged parents and aging children: Determinants of relationship quality. In R. Blieszner & V. H. Bedford (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the family (pp. 223-242). New York: Greenwood Press. (WEB PAGE)

Optional Readings

Bengtson, V. L. & Kuypers, J. A. (1971). Generational difference and the developmental stake. Aging and Human Development, 2, 249-260.

Blenkner, M. (1963). Social work and family relations in later life with some thoughts on filial maturity. In E. Shanas & G. F. Streib (Eds.) Social structure and the family: Generational relations (pp. 46-59). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Gutmann, D., & Huyck, M. H. Development and pathology in postparental men: A community study. In E. H. Thompson (Ed.) Older men's lives: Research on men and masculinity (pp. 65-84). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hagestad, G. O. (1982). Parent and child: Generations in the family. In T. M. Field, A. Huston, H. C. Quay, L. Troll, & G. E. Finley (Eds). Review of human development (pp. 485-499). New York: Wiley.

Hagestad, G. O. (1987). Parent-child relations in later life: Trends and gaps in past research. In J. B. Lancaster, J. Altmann, A. S. Rossi, & L. R. Sherrod (Eds.) Parenting across the life span (pp. 405-433). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Mancini, J. A. & Blieszner, R., (1989). Aging parents and adult children: Research themes in intergenerational relations, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 275-290.

Rossi, A. S. & Rossi, P. H. (1990). Of human bonding: Parent-child relations across the life course. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Troll, L., & Fingerman, K. L. (1996). Bonds between parents and their adult children. In C. Magai & S. McFadden (Eds.), Handbook of emotion, adult development and aging (pp. 185-205). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Nov. 12 Mothers and daughters

Boyd, C. J. (1989). Mothers and daughters: A discussion of theory and research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 291-301.

Fingerman, K. L. (1996). Sources of tension in the aging mother and adult daughter relationship. Psychology and Aging, 11, 591-606.

Rossi, A. S. (1993). Intergenerational relations: Gender, norms, and behavior. In V. L. Bengtson & W. A. Achenbaum (Eds.), The changing contract across generations (pp. 191-212). New York: Aldine de Gruyter. (WEB PAGE)

Walker, A. (1994). You can't be a woman in your mother's house: Adult daughters and their mothers. In D. L. Sollie & L. A. Leslie (Eds.), Gender, families, and close relationships: Feminist research journeys. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (WEB PAGE)

Optional Readings

Barnett, R.C., Kibria, N., Baruch, G. K., & Pleck, J. H. (1991). Adult daughter-parent relationships and their associations with daughters' subjective well-being and psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 29-42.

Blieszner, R., Usita, P. M., & Mancini, J. (1996). Diversity and dynamics in late-life mother-daughter relationships. In K. Roberto (Ed.), Relationships between women in late life (pp. 5-24). New York: Harrington Park Press.

Fingerman, K. L. (1997). On being more than a daughter: Middle-aged women's conceptions of their mothers. Journal of Women and Aging, 9, 55-72.

Fischer, L. R. (1981). Transitions in the mother-daughter relationship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 187-192.

Henwood, K. L. (1993). Women and later life: The discursive construction of identities within family relationships. Journal of Aging Studies, 7, 303-319.

Thompson, L., & Walker, A. J. (1984). Mothers and daughters: Aid patterns and attachment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 313-322.

Troll, L. E. (1987). Mother-daughter relations across the life span. Applied Social Psychology Annual, 7, 284-305.

Nov. 19 Grandparents

Aldous, J. (1995). New views of grandparents in intergenerational context. Journal of Family Issues, 16, 104-122.

Burton, L. M., Dilworth-Anderson, P., & Merriwether-de Vries, C. (1995). Context and surrogate parenting among contemporary grandparents. Marriage and Family Review, 20, 349-366. (WEB PAGE)

Neugarten, B. L., & Weinstein, K. K. (1964). The changing American grandparent. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 26, 199-204.

Kivnick (1982). Grandparenthood: An overview of meaning. The Gerontologist, 22, 59-66.

Optional Readings

Fingerman, K. L. (in press/1998). The Good, the bad, and the worrisome: Emotional complexities in grandparents' relationships with individual grandchildren. Family Relations. Special Issue: The family as a context for well-being.

Hagestad, G., & Burton, L. M. (1986). Grandparenthood, life context, and family development. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 471-484.

Johnson, C. L. (1983). A cultural analysis of the grandmother role. Research on Aging, 5, 547-567.

Kivett, V. R. (1991). The grandparent-grandchild connection. Marriage and Family Review, 16, 267-290.

Robertson, J. F. (1995). Grandparenting in an era of rapid change. In R. Blieszner & V. H. Bedford (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the family (pp. 243-260). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.

Roberto, K. A., & Stroes, J. (1992). Grandchildren and grandparents: Roles influences and relationships. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 34, 227-239.

Wood & Robertson (1